- Not everywhere you are banned from, you are being excluded from. You can only be excluded from where you belong. This is usually spelled out, by Plumwood, for example, as a space inhabited by others like you in every relevant aspect.
- The second ingredient for exclusion, according to Plumwood and others, is the false assumption that there is a relevant difference D between you and the others like you that occupy this space that justifies banning you from that space.
- This exclusion is radical if the relevant difference D also shows the following characteristics:
- First, the difference is naturalized, i.e., the facts that ground difference D are presented and endorsed as natural – in contrast to being the contingent result of a social process and, therefore, reversible.
- Second, D is homogenizing. Difference D is endorsed as more fundamental that whatever other differences might hold either amongst those that are being excluded or among those that are not.
- Finally, difference D is endorsed asymmetrically, i.e., it is presented as a difference between those who have some positive property P and are therefore allowed into the space, and those who don’t and therefore it is justified to ban from occupying those same spaces. In other words, the difference is presented as holding between those that have P and the rest.
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BIOPOLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 